Evidence and Promise of Progress: Increased Interdependence, Rights and Responsibilities, Arenas of Interaction, and the Need for More Cooperative Uses of Armed Force

Chapter Summary

When Harvard Professor Manley O. Hudson and Idaho Senator William Borah contemplated America's role in the international order in September 1931 and the need for either an internationally cooperative foreign policy or a relatively isolationist stance, Japan had invaded Manchuria just one week before Hudson's first Idaho lecture. Since then, interdependence and international cooperation of a global and regional nature with respect to various transnational problems and activities has increased, and so have the types of human problems that would seem to require international cooperative effort. Overpopulation, deforestation, and the increasing depletion of ocean fisheries are international problems requiring international cooperation. The participation of these diverse actors in various sanction responses to perceived violations of international law is also more broadly recognized. Hudson, in his book International Tribunals Past and Future from 1944, hesitantly recognized the potential for an expanded role of international criminal law.

Keywords: international cooperation; international law; isolationist