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This is the introduction chapter of the book, which examines integration tests in 'old' and 'new' Europe and presents research spanning a range of methodologies and perspectives. It seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of integration tests by focusing on requirements imposed on newcomers and on persons seeking settlement, family reunification and naturalisation in the host country. It first addresses integration requirements for naturalisation in Austria and Germany, the Netherlands and the UK, respectively. It reflects on the political function of citizenship tests before embarking upon a detailed empirical analysis of the content of federal and provincial citizenship tests. It then focuses on integration programmes aimed at newcomers, as well as on citizenship tests in Europe. It also shows that the Belgian federal system, notwithstanding its limitations, can offer a more progressive approach to integration by highlighting the importance of citizenship and vision of a plural and more equal society.
Keywords: citizenship; Europe; family reunification; integration; naturalisation; newcomers; settlement