Less is known about Elsa Brändström's contribution to the reintegration of returning POWs and their families in post-war German and Austrian society, and to the concomitant reconstruction of gender roles. This chapter seeks to fill a significant gap in the historical record. It first examines Elsa Brändström's activities during the Russian civil war from 1918 to 1920, and in particular her efforts to secure the repatriation of former German and Austrian prisoners trapped by the fighting in the Caucasus, Siberia and Russian Central Asia. The chapter then looks at her work with returnees and their families in Germany after 1922, and at her role in the movement for international reconciliation and peace, especially at the time of the 1923 Ruhr crisis. It ends with some broader comments on the significance of Elsa Brändström's work for the question of women's activism in the aftermath of the First World War more generally.
Keywords:Austrian society; Elsa Brändström; First World War; Germany; prisoners of war; women's activism
This section presents a glossary of religious terms that occur in this book titled Models of Charitable Care: Catholic Nuns and Children in their Care in Amsterdam, 1852-2002. The theme of this study is the historical care practice of women religious. It focuses on a congregation of Catholic nuns, originating in Amsterdam, who took care of neglected children and other vulnerable groups in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Their initial name was Poor Sisters of the Divine Child (Arme Zusters van het Goddelijk Kind), but they were widely known as Sisters of ?The Providence'. In the 1970s this became their official name; it is written with inverted commas.
Keywords: Amsterdam; catholic nuns; charitable care; women religious
This bibliography section of this book entitled Finland in World War II contains a list of reference articles and books. The list is divided into the following sub-sections: general presentations, political history, military history, social and cultural history, Finland and the Holocaust/Civilian internees and the prisoners-of-war, and memory and historiography of war.
Keywords: bibliography; Finnish history; World War II
In this chapter, the history of Surinamese Jews is reconstructed through the accounts of men and women who contested dominant notions of Surinamese Jewishness, and created new notions. The history of Surinamese Jews shows us the specific manifestations of creolization in a white colonial community, and contributes to our understanding of the ways in which a colonial domain affected European communities in Caribbean colonial societies. In the chapter, creolization refers to a historical process of cultural change tied to the colonial experiences of slavery, masterhood, and coloniality. One of the main threads in the history of Surinamese Jews is the tension that existed between participating in a local environment and hence becoming ever more localized and 'creole' and a prevailing sense of belonging to a worldwide Jewish community, that is, a notion of belonging to the Jewish diaspora.
Keywords: Caribbean colonial societies; creolization; slavery; Surinamese Jews
As the women's movement in Russia has its own specific history which is connected with the peculiarities of the political and economic development of the country, this chapter starts with a short preamble describing its characteristic features in order to provide a contextual background. The First World War created new opportunities for Russian feminists who strove to meet the new needs of the nation. A decisive role in women's suffrage in Russia was played by the outbreak of revolution in February 1917. In the autumn of 1917, the Provisional Government took the decision to open all forms of waged employment to female applicants. But the October Revolution took place in the same year, replacing parliamentary democracy with the idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Several Russian feminists, such as Ariadna Tyrkova, emerged as prominent figures in the anti-Bolshevik opposition in the period immediately after the October Revolution.
Keywords:October Revolution; Russia; women's suffrage
The British were unable to allocate a part of their Centurion tank production to Switzerland, because their own and allied armed forces had priority. It was thus the first time that the British said "no" to a Swiss weaponry request after the Second World War. So, the preferred option was to build the Centurion in Switzerland. While Berne was waiting for news from Washington, London's reply regarding the licence made the production of the Centurion in Switzerland difficult. Vickers-Armstrongs' company representative, Commander Ross, suggested that while the Swiss industry would produce scarce tank parts for the British armaments industry, Britain would deliver finished tanks as a service in return. However, Project Ross was not successful in Berne. Meanwhile as the arms fell silent in Korea, the roles were reversed: the Swiss were not begging the British for tanks any more, but the latter were begging the former to buy them.
Keywords:Britain; Centurion tanks; Project Ross; Switzerland
This index presents a list of names of persons relevant to the discussion on the concepts adopted from general histories of literature, such as Romanticism, Realism and Modernism. In the 1820s, Russian literature entered a new phase, Romanticism. A more favourable attitude to imagination and emotional life brought with it a new way of looking at childhood. The concept of 'a dual world' signifies the coexistence of everyday life and a world of fantasy, with the child effortlessly crossing the borderline. This is the basis for the genre of fantasy, exemplified during the Romantic period by works like Antony Pogorelsky's The Black Hen and Vladimir Odoevsky's The Little Town in the Snuffbox.
Keywords: Modernism; Realism; Romanticism
Since the 1990s, anthropologists, historians, and sociologists studying labor relations have increasingly emphasized that freedom and unfreedom are relative notions. In the Central Middle Ages wage labor became increasingly significant in many parts of Western Europe. Increasing intra-rural and rural-urban mobility promoted the rise of a free labor market, but these dynamics by no means met the needs of the employers, whether they were feudal lords or wealthy farmers. From the mid-fourteenth century, elites everywhere took note of wage labor and increasingly labelled the phenomenon as problematic.The notorious response from the king to a delegation of the rebels that they were and would remain serfs reflected little insight into the future of the seigneurial regime, but his subsequent prediction was right on target, as far as wage dependents were concerned. Labor legislation of a comparable scope did not come about in all areas west of the Elbe.
Keywords:Central Middle Ages; Elbe; feudal lords; intra-rural mobility; rural-urban mobility; wage labor; Western Europe
This chapter looks at how Jews were perceived by others. Addressing the identification of Surinamese Jews as perceived by Maroons, enslaved Africans and white Christians yields a notion of Jewish whiteness that is not only ambiguous, but also conditional and dependent on the vantage point of the observer. The ambiguities of Jewish whiteness are analysed from the perspective of Christian planters and colonial authorities. The image of the cruel Jewish planter is a recurring theme in various historical writings that now comprise the classic works of Surinamese historical literature. The various images of the Jew that prevailed in Suriname did not develop in a vacuum; rather, they arose in a particular social and political context. In this sense, the history of Jewish representation in Suriname shows the interplay between 'othering' oneself and being 'othered'.
Keywords: Christian planters; Jewish planters; Jewish whiteness; Suriname
One of the primary responsibilities of any state is the development of a political-military strategy which meets the circumstances in which that state finds itself, the manner in which the state perceives its own position in its international relations, and the level of its ambitions in this. In the context of this volume the term 'small states' denotes those states that viewed themselves as such and that did not play an active role in the powerpolitical controversies of the European great powers. Th e present volume shows that a comparative approach can considerably increase our understanding of the neutrality policy of the small European states and the importance of the armed forces in this in the early decades of the previous century. At the end of the nineteenth century it was a useful, respected and not too problematical instrument for ensuring national security.
Keywords: European; military strategy; political strategy; powerpolitical controversies; small states